140 Years to a PETM-Model Doomsday!!! One other PETM/Hen Little of the Sea Epic Fail

Visitor geology lesson by David Middleton

PETM = Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Most

Determine zero. Cenozoic stratigraphic column. (ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy)

Analysis Article
Temporal Scaling of Carbon Emission and Accumulation Charges: Fashionable Anthropogenic Emissions In comparison with Estimates of PETM Onset Accumulation

Philip D. Gingerich
First printed: 30 January 2019

[…]

Plain Language Abstract
The Paleocene‐Eocene thermal most (PETM) is a worldwide greenhouse warming occasion that occurred 56 million years in the past, inflicting extinction on this planet’s oceans and accelerated evolution on the continents. It was attributable to launch of carbon dioxide and different greenhouse gases to the ambiance. After we examine the speed of launch of greenhouse gases immediately to the speed of accumulation through the PETM, we should examine the charges on a standard time scale. Projection of recent charges to a PETM time scale is tightly constrained and exhibits that we are actually emitting carbon some 9–10 occasions quicker than through the PETM. If the current development of accelerating carbon emissions continues, we might even see PETM‐magnitude extinction and accelerated evolution in as few as 140 years or about 5 human generations.

American Geohysterical Union

H/T to Jack Dale for this gem.

Gingerich, 2019 is a latest paper reiterating the PETM Hen Little of the Sea meme. Within the feedback part of a latest publish, it was cited as proof of imminent disaster and adopted up by a remark that includes this picture from Clear Tecnica:

Determine 1.  Earth ought to already be Venus.

I simply needed to observe this again to the Clear Tecnica article… Their scientific prowess is nearly all the time laughable… And I used to be not disillusioned.

Ambiance Absorbing CO2 Quicker Than PETM, When Dinosaurs Perished

March 22nd, 2016 by Sandy Dechert

A new research in Nature Geoscience, led by Richard Zeebe of the College of Hawaii, checked out an anomalous time interval referred to as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Most, or PETM. This phenomenon occurred about 56 million years in the past, about ten million years following the start of the Cenozoic period (Age of Mammals), nearly when the dinosaurs turned extinct.

In the course of the PETM, concentrations of carbon dioxide within the ambiance spiked by 5 levels Celsius, far increased than they’ve risen since human preindustrial ranges 200 years in the past. Local weather scientists and world coverage makers agree that 2 levels extra is all people can in all probability take—or possibly 1.5, as extra cautious voices are warning.

[…]

The investigation signifies that earth’s inhabitants now’s emitting carbon into the ambiance quicker than carbonization at some other time in earth’s historical past for the reason that PETM. Zeebe explains:

“Should you look over the whole Cenozoic, the final 66 million years, the one occasion that we all know of in the meanwhile, that has a large carbon launch, and occurs over a comparatively quick time period, is the PETM. We even have to return to comparatively previous intervals, as a result of within the more moderen previous, we don’t see something similar to what people are at the moment doing.”

The truth is, our present price of anthropogenic carbon launch is at the least an order of magnitude (10x) increased than what the world skilled through the PETM. The research concludes that “on condition that the present price of carbon launch is unprecedented all through the Cenozoic, we now have successfully entered an period of a no-analogue state.” In different phrases, earth has apparently by no means seen a state of affairs like immediately’s for at the least 66 million years, if ever. At the moment, the hothouse world lasted over 1,000 centuries.

Clear Tecnica

What journalistic expertise!

This phenomenon occurred about 56 million years in the past, about ten million years following the start of the Cenozoic period (Age of Mammals), nearly when the dinosaurs turned extinct.

The PETM wasn’t “nearly when the dinosaurs turned extinct.”  10 million years later will not be “nearly when.” The Okay-T (or Okay-Pg) mass extinction worn out 75% of all species on Earth, based on some estimates, taking out complete taxonomic genera and households, whereas placing severe dents into some orders and lessons.

Determine 2.  The 5 actual mass extinction occasions are numbered 1-5.  Every is accompanied by a pointy drop in marine biodiversity.  Cambrian fauna = yellow, Paleozoic fauna = inexperienced, Fashionable fauna = blue, and smooth bodied organisms = purple.  Be aware the entire lack of a dip wherever within the Tertiary Interval.  “Redrawn from Sepkoski, J.J. Jr, 1984, A kinetic mannequin of Phanerozoic taxonomic variety, III.  Put up Paleozoic households and mass extinctions: Paleobiology 10:246-267.” SEPM Strata

Aside from the largely short-term extinction of some benthic foraminifera, the PETM was a interval of thriving biodiversity.

Determine three. Cenozoic biodiversity of Amazonia (Hoorn et al., 2010).  Rain forests should like “ocean acidification.”

This is without doubt one of the most priceless quotes ever…

In the course of the PETM, concentrations of carbon dioxide within the ambiance spiked by 5 levels Celsius…

Sandy Dechert, you earned a zillion Billy Madison’s for this!

Zeebe et al., 2016 is definitely a well-done little bit of analysis, other than the uber-alarmist title,  Anthropogenic carbon launch price unprecedented through the previous 66 million years… Lions and tigers and bears!  Anthony lined it on this 2016 publish right here on WUWT.

Let’s simply settle for in arguendo that the trendy price of carbon launch to the ambiance and oceans is definitely unprecedented in 66 million years… So what?

Nearly all the impact of CO2 on temperature and seawater pH is basically instantaneous.  The Transient Local weather Response (TCR) is coincident with the rise in CO2.  TCR is >80% of the entire warming impact.  The remaining <20% happens over a whole lot of years, the place it will likely be within the “noise degree.”

Determine four. TAR Local weather Change 2001: The Scientific Foundation, IPCC

Seawater pH is a perform of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC, ΣCO2) and Complete Alkalinity (TA).

Determine 5. ΣCO2, TA and pH.  (Zeebe and Wolf-Galdrow)

ΣCO2 (DIC) and TA are “conservative portions,” unaffected by adjustments in stress and temperature and will be calculated if any two of two of the next parameters: pCO2, pH (not pH) and ΣCO2, and the entire dissolved boron are recognized.

ΣCO2 = [CO2]+[HCO3–]+[CO32-]

TA = [HCO3–]+ 2[CO32-]+[B(OH)4–]+[OH–]-[H+]

This course of can also be principally instantaneous.

Determine 6.  TA and DIC vs CO2

A research of seawater pH close to lively volcanic CO2 vents within the Mediterranean (Kerrison et al., 2011) discovered that the pH instantly adjoining to the vent was nonetheless alkaline, regardless of being subjected to the equal of almost 5,600 ppm CO2.

Determine 7. Seawater pH vs CO2

Partial stress and fugacity (μatm) are a bit decrease than what the blending ratio (ppm) can be, relying on temperature and humidity.  Nevertheless, they’re shut.  A partial stress (pCO2) of 350 μatm usually equates to about 350 ppm within the ambiance.   At almost 5,600 ppm CO2 the seawater was nonetheless alkaline, not acidic.

Even when anthropogenic carbon emissions are “unprecedented through the previous 66 million years,” it’s clear that comparisons to the PETM are, at finest, irrelevant and, at worst, deliberately deceptive.

Our “unprecedented” carbon emissions will in all probability push atmospheric CO2 to wherever from 500 to 700 ppm by the top of this century.  Based mostly on an actual world “enterprise as regular” emissions situation, with oil consumption peaking round 2060, coal consumption remaining comparatively steady, pure fuel displacing oil at its present tempo and no carbon tax, I provide you with a CO2 degree proper about inline with RCP 6.zero, “a mitigation situation, that means it contains specific steps to fight greenhouse fuel emissions (on this case, by means of a carbon tax)“.

Determine eight.  RCP eight.5, Half Deux: “The stuff nightmares are comprised of.”

A sensible TCR of 1.5 °C per doubling of CO2 yields about 2 °C of warming at 700 ppm, half of which has already occurred.

Determine 9.  An actual world (this world, not Venus) “enterprise as regular” situation would barely nudge the dreaded 2 °C restrict by the 12 months 2100… Assuming that all the warming since 1850 is because of greenhouse forcing…9 Which it isn’t.

Contrasting the “Anthropocene” (faux phrase) with the PETM (actual acronym)

The PETM was in all probability associated to the formation of the North Atlantic Massive Igneous Province (Storey et, al 2007), a interval of intense volcanic exercise related to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean.

PETM atmospheric CO2 may have been wherever from 400-800 to over three,000 ppm.  The Mauna Loa CO2 time collection (MLO) doesn’t even get away of the Neogene noise degree.

Determine 10.  Cenozoic CO2 atmospheric mixing ratio and seawater partial stress.  Discover the large distinction between atmospheric CO2 and pCO2.  Additionally discover that pCO2 was increased earlier than and after the PETM and that stomata knowledge point out that CO2 was about what it’s immediately, other than a brief length spike to about 800 ppmv 55.2 Mya.  Discuss settled science! Be aware: Older is to the proper.  Tirpati needs to be Tripati

Be aware how the PETM (55 Ma) is about as removed from a CO2 analog to fashionable occasions because it presumably may very well be… until the PETM stomata knowledge are appropriate, during which case AGW is much more insignificant than beforehand thought.

Concerning temperatures, the PETM can also be about as removed from being an analog to fashionable occasions because it presumably may very well be.

Determine 11.  Excessive latitude SST (°C) From benthic foram δ18O.  Humorous how the PETM is commonly cited as a nightmarish model of a real-world RCP8.5… Whereas the hotter EECO is a climatic optimum. (Zachos et al., 2001). Be aware: Older is to the proper.

Be aware that the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) was simply as heat because the PETM and lasted longer.

To exhibit how totally ridiculous it’s to explain the PETM as an analog for contemporary local weather change, we simply have to take a look at the Miocene Epoch, which was a lot cooler than the PETM and EECO.

Determine 12. Excessive latitude SST (°C) From benthic foram δ18O (Zachos, et al., 2001) and HadSST3 (Hadley Centre / UEA CRU by way of http://www.woodfortrees.org) plotted at similar scale, tied at 1950 AD.  Be aware: older is to the left.

Keep in mind that the HadSST3 knowledge are of a lot increased decision than the δ18O time collection.  The amplitude of the proxy time collection on multi-decadal to centennial time-scales needs to be thought of to be the minimal of the true variability on these time-scales, because of the a lot decrease decision than the instrumental knowledge (Ljungqvist, F.C. 2010).  Regardless of this, the trendy ~1 °C rise since pre-industrial occasions doesn’t even get away of the Pleistocene noise degree… one other 1 °C rise received’t even get away of the Pleistocene noise degree.

The PETM can also be usually cited as an analog for Hen Little of the Sea…

Determine 13.  Cenozoic seawater pH from boron isotopes in planktonic foraminifera (modified after Pearson & Palmer, 2000). Be aware that pH was decrease than the PETM 51.5 (EECO) and 59.5 Ma. Be aware: Older is to the proper.  Fashionable pH knowledge (HOTS, Dore et al., 2009) are posted for comparability.  As with temperatures, the amplitude of the proxy time collection on multi-decadal to centennial time-scales needs to be thought of to be the minimal of the true variability on these time-scales, because of the a lot decrease decision than the instrumental knowledge.

There merely isn’t any analogy.  The paleogeography of the Cretaceous by means of the Eocene “Scorching Home Local weather” was very completely different than the “Ice Age Local weather” for the reason that early Oligocene.   The heat of the  PETM was largely a perform of plate tectonics.

The phrase “ocean acidification” was actually invented out of skinny air in 2003 by Ken Caldiera.  The connection between CO2, DIC, TA and the distribution of pelagic sediments has been understood for a very long time.

When the pH of seawater decreases, calcium carbonate dissolves.  In heat, shallow seas, at a pH of about eight.three, dissolution of aragonite and calcite particles by inorganic processes is nearly nonexistent.  Nevertheless, for the reason that classical research of the Challenger expedition, it has been recognized that the proportion of calcium-carbonate particles in seafloor sediments decreases as depth of water will increase (Desk 5-1).  Such lower is especially speedy at depths between 4000 and 6000 m.  Though the explanations for this lower have been debated, the proof means that calcium carbonate dissolves as a result of the CO2 focus will increase with depth.  The management on CO2 seems to be half organic; it outcomes from organic oxidation of organic-carbon compounds.  Additionally, the water lots at better depth have been derived from the polar area; their temperature is decrease and the water incorporates extra dissolved CO2. Elevated focus of CO2 is in flip mirrored by decrease pH, which ends up in calcium carbonate dissolution.  Nevertheless, the rise of stress with depth can also be concerned; such improve impacts the dissociation of carbonic acid (Eqs. 5-11 and 5-12).  The depth at which the calcium-carbonate decreases most quickly is called the carbonate-compensation depth, outlined because the depth at which the speed of dissolution of stable calcium carbonate equals the speed of provide.

Friedman and Sanders, pages 133-134. (1978)

Previous to Hen Little of the Sea, the phrase was “shoaling of the lysocline” (a shallowing of the carbonate or calcite compensation depth).

Determine 14.  “Schematic cross part of the ocean displaying completely different depositional zones based mostly on the calcite compensation depth (Nichols, 2009).” WVU GEOL 616

The PETM exhibited a real shoaling of the lysoline.

Throughout Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208, six websites have been drilled at water depths between 2500 and 4770 m to get better decrease Cenozoic sediments on the northeastern flank of Walvis Ridge. Earlier drilling on this area (Deep Sea Drilling Challenge [DSDP] Leg 74) recovered pelagic oozes and chalk spanning the Cretaceous/Paleogene (Okay/P), Paleocene/Eocene, and Eocene/Oligocene boundaries. The target of Leg 208 was to get better intact composite sequences of those “crucial” transitions from a variety of depths. Multichannel seismic knowledge (Meteor Cruise M49/1) together with data from DSDP Leg 74 websites have been used to establish websites the place steady sequences of decrease Cenozoic sediment needs to be current. Double to triple superior piston coring, occasional prolonged core barrel coring to deepen the holes, and high-resolution bodily property measurements have been employed to assemble “composite sections.” The composite sections present an in depth historical past of paleoceanographic variation related to a number of outstanding episodes of early Cenozoic local weather change, together with the Okay/P boundary, the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Most (PETM), the early Eocene Climatic Optimum, and the early Oligocene Glacial Most.

The PETM interval, the primary focus of Leg 208, was recovered at 5 websites alongside a depth transect of two.2 km. The sediment sequence is marked by a pink clay layer, which varies in thickness from 20 to 50 cm from website to website, inside a thick and uniform sequence of higher Paleocene and decrease Eocene foraminifer-bearing nannofossil ooze. The basal coloration contact is comparatively sharp, though magnetic susceptibility knowledge present a extra gradual, steplike transition on the deeper Websites 1262 and 1267. The carbonate content material drops to zero wt% in any respect websites aside from Web site 1265. The higher contact is gradational within the shallow websites and comparatively sharp on the deeper websites. Overlying the clay layer is a sequence of nannofossil ooze, which is barely richer in carbonate than the unit instantly underlying the clay layer.

The depth transect permits testing of the main speculation for the reason for the PETM: the abrupt dissociation of as a lot as 2000 Gt of marine methane hydrate. Numerical modeling demonstrates that the injection of such a big mass of carbon to the ocean/ambiance may have triggered a speedy (~10 okay.y.) international shoaling of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) and lysocline, adopted by a gradual restoration, and “overcompensation” with the CCD overshooting pre-excursion depths. Based mostly on sediment cores recovered throughout Leg 208, the CCD shoaled by >2 km through the tour, significantly greater than predicted in current carbon cycle fashions of the occasion.

Leg 208 materials additionally paperwork biotic responses to environmental adjustments because of the methane launch and CCD shoaling (e.g., extreme dissolution over such a big depth vary might properly have been an essential issue within the benthic foraminiferal extinction occasion coincident with the bottom of the clay layer at each website, and nannofossils confirmed a short-term relative abundance response from Fasciculithus to Zygrhablithus). Planktonic foraminifers are closely dissolved within the clay layer with solely extraordinarily uncommon specimens of acarinids and morozovellids remaining.

The Leg 208 transect enhances a transect drilled on the southern Shatsky Rise throughout Leg 198, a deep latitudinal transect within the equatorial Pacific drilled throughout Leg 199, a shallow to bathyal transect drilled on Demarera Rise throughout Leg 207, and a depth transect proposed for future drilling within the western North Atlantic Ocean (J-Anomaly Ridge and southeast Newfoundland Rise).

ODP Leg 208 Abstract

The shoaling of the lysocline through the PETM is represented by the 30 cm thick band of pink clay from 13.four to 13.7 m on the lithology column in determine 15.  When the lysocline and carbonate compensation depth (CCD)  briefly shoaled, the transition from calcareous to siliceous ooze moved shoreward.  When the CCD dropped again all the way down to its pre-PETM depth, the transition from calcareous to siliceous ooze moved seaward… Leaving a 30 cm thick layer of pink clay in the midst of a thick marl sequence.  Rising and falling sea degree may have left an identical layer of pink clay.

Determine 15.  This gives a wholly completely different perspective on the phrase extinction.  Alegret, L., S. Ortiz & E. Molina.  Extinction and restoration of benthic foraminifera throughout the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Most on the Alamedilla part (Southern Spain).  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279 (2009) 186–200

The benthic foram’s above and beneath the pink clay horizon ceased to exist at that location for about 70,000 to 220,000 years.  Nevertheless, the truth that at the least a few of them returned to that location after the PETM may point out that the benthic foram “mass extinction” was extra of a benthic foram depositional “mass relocation,” moderately than a real extinction.

The PETM lysocline shoaled by greater than 2,000 m at Walvis Ridge… That is actually written in stone.

Over the previous 250 years, for the reason that starting of the economic revolution, there was a couple of 16% lower in aragonite and calcite saturation state within the Pacific Ocean. From repeat oceanographic surveys, we now have noticed a mean zero.34% yr−1 lower within the saturation state of floor seawater with respect to aragonite and calcite over a 14‐12 months interval. This has induced an upward migration of the aragonite and calcite saturation horizons towards the ocean floor on the order of 1–2 m yr−1. These adjustments are the results of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans, in addition to different smaller scale regional adjustments in circulation over decadal time scales. If CO2 emissions proceed as projected out to the top this century, the ensuing adjustments within the marine carbonate system would imply that many coral reef techniques within the Pacific would in all probability not be capable of preserve the mandatory price of calcification required to maintain their vitality.

Feely et al., 2012

The 16% lower in aragonite and calcite saturation state within the Pacific Ocean over the previous 250 years is completely based mostly on calculating the preindustrial aragonite and calcite from the assumed preindustrial atmospheric CO2 focus.  It’s round reasoning.  Concerning the declare that they’ve measured 14-28 m of shoaling over a 14-year interval… That’s not even the margin of error in estimating the CCD. A real shoaling of the lysocline would trigger a redistribution of pelagic (open ocean seafloor) sediments.

I’ve not been in a position to find a more moderen model of this map:

Determine 16. Distribution of pelagic sediments. (Sverdrup, Johnson & Fleming, 1942)

DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC SEDIMENTS
Normal Options of Distribution. Determine 253 exhibits the distribution of the assorted varieties of pelagic sediments. The illustration is generalized partly to keep away from confusion and partly due to the unfinished information as to the varieties of sediments discovered in lots of elements of the oceans. Any such displays of the distribution of pelagic sediments are modified variations of maps initially ready by Sir John Murray and his associates. Additional investigations have modified the boundaries however haven’t materially affected the overall image. The determine has been ready from the latest sources out there. The distribution of sediments within the Indian Ocean relies on a map by W. Schott (1939a), that within the Pacific Ocean is from W. Schott in G. Schott (1935), with some revisions based mostly on Revelle’s research of the samples collected by the Carnegie (Revelle, 1936). The information for the Atlantic have been drawn from a lot of sources, since no complete map has been ready for a few years. The Meteormaterial has been described by Correns (1937 and 1939) and Pratje (1939a). Thorp’s report (1931) on the sediments of the Caribbean and the western North Atlantic was used for these areas, and Pratje’s knowledge (1939b) for the South Atlantic have been supplemented by these of Neaverson (1934) for the Discovery samples. The distribution within the North Atlantic is from Murray (Murray and Hjort, 1912).

One sort of shading has been used for all the calcareous sediments and one other for the siliceous sediments. Until the image P is proven to point that the world is roofed with pteropod ooze, it’s to be understood that the calcareous sediment is globigerina ooze. The siliceous natural sediments are indicated as D for diatom ooze and Rfor radiolarian ooze. The unshaded areas of the oceans and seas are lined with terrigenous sediments.

[…]

Sverdrup, Johnson & Fleming, 1942

The PETM resulted in a serious redistribution of pelagic sediments. If Hen Little of the Sea is just like the PETM, the seafloor would exhibit a major redistribution of pelagic sediments relative to 1942. Extra of the seafloor can be lined with siliceous ooze and much much less can be lined by calcareous ooze. If anybody is conscious of a latest map, just like the one in my marine science textual content e book, please let me know.

References

Colosimo, A.B, Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 2006. “Proof for
lysocline shoaling on the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Most on Shatsky
Rise, northwest Pacific”. In Bralower, T.J., Premoli Silva, I., and Malone, M.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Outcomes, 198, 1–36

Dore, J.E., Lukas R., Sadler, D.W. Church, M.J., Karl, D.M. (2009).  “Bodily and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification within the central North Pacific.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235–12240.

Friedman, G.M. and Sanders, J.E. (1978) “Ideas of Sedimentology”. Wiley, New York.

Gingerich, Philip. (2019). “Temporal Scaling of Carbon Emission and Accumulation Charges: Fashionable Anthropogenic Emissions In comparison with Estimates of PETM-Onset Accumulation”. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 10.1029/2018PA003379.  Summary solely.

Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., ter Steege, H.; Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartin, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., et al. “Amazonian by means of time: Andean uplift,local weather change, panorama evolution and biodiversity”. Science 2010, 330, 927–931

Kerrison, Phil & Corridor-Spencer, Jason & Suggett, David & Hepburn, Leanne & Steinke, Michael. (2011). “Evaluation of pH variability at a coastal CO2 vent for ocean acidification research.” Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 94. 129-137. 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.05.025.

Pagani, M., J.C. Zachos, Okay.H. Freeman, B. Tipple, and S. Bohaty. 2005. “Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations In the course of the Paleogene”. Science, Vol. 309, pp. 600-603, 22 July 2005.

Pearson, P. N. and Palmer, M. R.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the previous 60 million years, Nature, 406, 695–699,https://doi.org/10.1038/35021000, 2000.

Royer, et al., 2001. Paleobotanical Proof for Close to Current-Day Ranges of Atmospheric CO2 Throughout A part of the Tertiary. Science 22 June 2001: 2310-2313. DOI:10.112

Storey, Michael, Robert A. Duncan, Carl C Swisher 2007. “Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Most and the Opening of the Northeast Atlantic”. Science 27 April 2007: 587-589. DOI:10.1126

Sverdrup, H. U. M. W., Johnson and R. H. Fleming, “The Oceans—Their Physics, Chemistry, and Normal Biology,” Prentice-Corridor, Higher Saddle River, 1942.

Tripati, A.Okay., C.D. Roberts, and R.A. Eagle. 2009.  “Coupling of CO2 and Ice Sheet Stability Over Main Local weather Transitions of the Final 20 Million Years”.  Science, Vol. 326, pp. 1394 1397, four December 2009.  DOI: 10.1126/science.1178296

Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L. C., Thomas, E. & Billups, Okay. “Traits, rhythms, and aberrations in international local weather 65 Ma to current”. Science 292, 686–-693 (2001).

Zachos, J.C., Kroon, D., Blum, P., et al., 2004. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 208: School Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.208.2004

Zachos, et al., 2005. “Speedy Acidification of the Ocean In the course of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Most”. Science 10 June 2005: 1611-1615. DOI:10.1126

Zeebe, R. E., A. Ridgwell, and J. C. Zachos (2016), “Anthropogenic carbon launch price unprecedented through the previous 66 million years”.  Nat. Geosci., 9(four), 325–329, doi:10.1038/ngeo2681.

Zeebe, Richard E. and Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow CARBON DIOXIDE, DISSOLVED (OCEAN)

Watts Up With That? Hen Little of the Sea/PETM posts by David Middleton

Ocean Acidification: Hen Little of the Sea Strikes Once more

Hen Little of the Sea Visits Station ALOHA

The Complete Fantasy of Ocean Acidification

The Complete Fantasy of Ocean Acidification, Half Deux: The Scientific Foundation

Hen Little of the Sea Is Dissolving the Sea Ground!!! Run Away!!!

New Paper: PETM Was Brought on by Local weather Change… Historical Local weather Change Prompted Local weather Change… AEUHHH????

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